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عمومی::
نفع شخصی
Apparently upset by the inconvenience, this out-of-touch and insensitive comment, along with a string of others, reflect a management and culture with no apparent sense of purpose other than financial performance and self-interest and an astonishing ethical blind- ness.
An example of muddled purpose and ethical blindness is the result of a combination of multiple layers of extreme corporate self-interest and ideo- logically driven failure to act by the US Congress.
• Neoclassical economics is traditional, mainstream economics based on the idea of economic man and gloomy as well as unrealistic assumptions about human nature, including narrow self-interest, opportunism and rationality.
Human beings are presumed to be rational and narrowly self-interested, with complete access to relevant information and able to make informed decisions about what will bring about the greatest personal benefit.
Ostensibly, economies come into some state of optimal equilibrium through a combination of self-interest and con- straints.
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3
فلسفه::
نفع شخصی، نفع شخصی، منافع شخصی
Skinner concludes that in The Prince, "the concepts of virtu and virtue cease to have any necessary connection with each other."81 Machiavelli's primary tool for statecraft is manipulating others' sense of honor, but the same explanations could then easily apply to property and wealth.82 This new sort of politics, where self-interest is skillfully manipulated by the leader to bring about social good, represents a strong shift and sets the stage for seeing the pursuit of individual luxury as socially beneficial.
Further, in such a situation, the point was not to subordinate self-interested pursuit of private goods to public activity, but rather to engineer the social system so that public order would support (and be seen as supporting) the pursuit of personal happiness.
However, claims about the gentleness and positive social effects of self-interest always needed to be protected from what we might call "the specter of Hobbes"; his portrait of self-interest being "a war of all against all" unless restrained by a powerful sovereign hangs over this entire era: "Much of the moral philosophy of the eighteenth century, even when it is hedonistic, may be regarded as a revolt against the selfish school."94 Hobbes, amidst a chaotic age of conflict over legitimate authority, follows rigorously the new scientific method of reducing wholes to their simplest
It seems he did not quite know what to think.109 His work acutely articulates the conundrum he inherited, for it expresses the idea that the self-interested search for wealth and possessions is a natural thing, is quite good for society . . . and yet at the same time, a deception in terms of the true good for humans.
Hirschman notes that some proponents of the civic republican tradition, notably Adam Ferguson in Scotland and Alexis de Tocqueville in France, were not persuaded by Smith's consequentialist argument that the pursuit of self-interest supports political liberty.،Due to the knowledge gap, a lawyer, accountant, consultant, doctor, or teacher can be in a position to give priority to self-interest over the interest of the person who receives the services, without detection.
Some professions operate with more or less explicit pledges to the clients not to do exploit their advantage in knowledge: "Trust me; although my own self-interest might dictate other actions, I undertake to serve in your best interest."
Nanda (2oo2ii) places conflict of interest at the core of ethics in professions, and emphasizes how information asymmetry and knowledge gaps can create temptations to give priority to self-interest over client interest.
If top management in professional services organizations really want to signal that client interest comes first, they need to go over incentive systems in detail, and make sure they do not generate temptations to prioritize self-interest over client interest.
He is critical of what he calls the basic assumption of mainstream economics, which is that human beings are self-interest maximizers.،it is in the self-interest of those who are subject to it.
be their own self-interest. 10 Most of the other major liberal theorists, such as
though they are sometimes able to refrain from self-interested bhavior.
self-interest as he or she defnes it.
groups as well as dedication to their own self-interest.
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